AMY1A - Amylase alpha 1A
BackgroundAMY1A, also known as salivary amylase, is a critical enzyme responsible for the initial digestion of dietary carbohydrates. It hydrolyzes α-1,4-glycosidic bonds in polysaccharides such as starch and glycogen, producing smaller molecules like maltose and maltotriose. AMY1A is secreted by th...
ORM2 - Alpha-1-Acid Glycoprotein,type 2 (Orosomucoid 2)
BackgroundAlpha-1-acid glycoprotein 2 (ORM2), also known as orosomucoid 2, is a major acute-phase protein predominantly produced in the liver and secreted into the bloodstream. ORM2 belongs to the lipocalin family, a group of small proteins characterized by their ability to bind and transport small ...
SDC2 - syndecan 2
BackgroundSyndecan-2 (SDC2) is a transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan that is part of the syndecan family, which consists of four members (SDC1-SDC4). Syndecans are integral to cellular processes involved in adhesion, migration, and signal transduction. SDC2, specifically, plays a role in modu...
CLEC12A - C-type lectin domain family 12 member A
BackgroundCLEC12A (C-type lectin domain family 12 member A) is a member of the C-type lectin receptor (CLR) family, a group of proteins characterized by their ability to recognize carbohydrate structures on the surface of pathogens or host cells. As a receptor with immunoregulatory functions, CLEC12...
CLEC9A - C-type lectin domain containing 9A
BackgroundCLEC9A, also known as C-type lectin domain family 9 member A or DNGR-1 (Dendritic Cell Natural Killer Lectin Group Receptor 1), is an immune receptor primarily expressed on a subset of dendritic cells (DCs) and certain populations of macrophages. CLEC9A is part of the C-type lectin recepto...
CLEC7A - C-type lectin domain containing 7A
BackgroundCLEC7A, also known as C-type lectin domain-containing protein 7A or Dectin-1, is a receptor mainly expressed on myeloid cells, especially dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and subsets of monocytes. As part of the C-type lectin receptor (CLR) family, CLEC7A is essential for recogni...
CLEC4D - C-type lectin domain family 4 member D
BackgroundCLEC4D, known as C-type lectin domain family 4 member D, also referred to as macrophage-inducible C-type lectin (Mincle), is a receptor primarily expressed on immune cells, particularly macrophages and neutrophils. CLEC4D is part of the C-type lectin receptor (CLR) family, which is involve...
CLEC4A - C-type lectin domain family 4 member A
BackgroundCLEC4A (C-type lectin domain family 4 member A), also known as DCIR (dendritic cell immunoreceptor), is a receptor found on the surface of various immune cells, particularly dendritic cells (DCs) and monocytes. CLEC4A is part of the C-type lectin receptor (CLR) family, a group of proteins ...
HAVCR1 - hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1
BackgroundHepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 1 (HAVCR1), also known as TIM-1 (T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 1), is a receptor protein expressed primarily on the surface of kidney epithelial cells and various immune cells. It is a member of the TIM family of proteins, whi...
PI16 - peptidase inhibitor 16
BackgroundPeptidase Inhibitor 16 (PI16), also known as PSPBP (prostate secretory protein binding protein), is a member of the peptidase inhibitor family that plays a role in regulating protease activity in various tissues, particularly in the cardiovascular, immune, and reproductive systems. PI16 is...
IL21R- interleukin 21 receptor
BackgroundInterleukin 21 receptor (IL21R) is a member of the cytokine receptor superfamily, specifically involved in immune cell communication and regulation. IL21R binds interleukin-21 (IL-21), a cytokine that plays crucial roles in immune response modulation, primarily impacting the activity of T ...
TNFRSF21 - TNF receptor superfamily member 21
BackgroundTNF receptor superfamily member 21 (TNFRSF21), also known as death receptor 6 (DR6), is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily. Like other TNFR members, TNFRSF21 is involved in processes that modulate immune responses, cell death, and survival pathways. This rece...
TREM1 - triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1
BackgroundTriggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM1) is an immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily receptor predominantly expressed on myeloid cells, such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. TREM1 is recognized for its role in amplifying inflammatory responses during i...
SLAMF8 - SLAM family member 8
BackgroundSLAMF8 (Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family Member 8) is a cell-surface receptor protein that is part of the SLAM (Signaling Lymphocyte Activation Molecule) family, a subgroup of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily. SLAM family receptors, including SLAMF8, are involved in immu...
SLAMF6 - SLAM family member 6
BackgroundSLAMF6 (Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family Member 6) is a surface receptor protein primarily expressed on cells of the immune system, including T cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and dendritic cells. SLAMF6 is part of the SLAM family, which belongs to the immunoglob...
ERBB2 - erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2
BackgroundERBB2, also known as HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2), is a receptor tyrosine kinase that is part of the ERBB receptor family. This family consists of four closely related receptors: EGFR (ERBB1), HER2 (ERBB2), HER3 (ERBB3), and HER4 (ERBB4). These receptors play crucial rol...
JAG1 - jagged canonical Notch ligand 1
BackgroundJagged-1 (JAG1) is a critical ligand within the Notch signaling pathway, a key cell-to-cell communication mechanism that regulates cellular differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. This pathway is pivotal during embryonic development and maintains tissue homeostasis in adults. JAG1, ...
NCR3 - natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor 3
BackgroundNatural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 3 (NCR3), also known as NKp30, is a critical receptor for natural killer (NK) cell activation and functions as part of the body’s innate immune response. NK cells are lymphocytes specialized in identifying and killing abnormal cells, such as those i...
NCR2 - natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor 2
BackgroundNatural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 2 (NCR2), also known as NKp44, is an activating receptor on the surface of natural killer (NK) cells. NK cells are crucial components of the innate immune system, specializing in the recognition and destruction of abnormal cells, including tumor cel...
NCR1 - natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor 1
BackgroundNatural Cytotoxicity Triggering Receptor 1 (NCR1), also known as NKp46 (Natural Killer Protein 46), is a type of activating receptor expressed predominantly on the surface of natural killer (NK) cells, a subset of lymphocytes that play an essential role in the immune system’s ability to re...
EPCAM - epithelial cell adhesion molecule
BackgroundEpithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EpCAM), also known as CD326 or TACSTD1 (tumor-associated calcium signal transducer 1), is a transmembrane glycoprotein prominently expressed on the surface of epithelial cells in various tissues. EpCAM plays a dual role in cellular adhesion and signaling,...
CDH2 - cadherin 2
BackgroundCadherin 2 (CDH2), also known as N-cadherin (neural cadherin), is a calcium-dependent cell adhesion molecule that belongs to the classical cadherin family. This protein is primarily expressed in neural tissue, muscle, and endothelial cells, facilitating cell-cell adhesion that is crucial f...
CDH1 - cadherin 1
BackgroundCadherin 1 (CDH1), also known as E-cadherin (epithelial cadherin), is a transmembrane glycoprotein primarily responsible for cell-cell adhesion in epithelial tissues. It is a crucial member of the cadherin superfamily, a group of calcium-dependent adhesion molecules that mediate homophilic...
F11R - F11 receptor
BackgroundThe F11 receptor (F11R), also known as Junctional Adhesion Molecule-A (JAM-A), is an integral protein involved in cell-cell adhesion, particularly in the tight junctions of epithelial and endothelial cells. It belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily and is vital for maintaining barrier i...
CD320 - CD320 molecule
BackgroundCD320, also known as the CD320 molecule or the transcobalamin receptor, is a cell surface protein involved in the transport and cellular uptake of vitamin B12 (cobalamin). It plays a pivotal role in maintaining cellular cobalamin levels, essential for critical cellular functions such as DN...
SLAMF7 - SLAM family member 7
BackgroundSLAMF7 (SLAM Family Member 7), also known as CS1 (CD2 subset 1) or CRACC (CD319), is a cell surface glycoprotein belonging to the Signaling Lymphocyte Activation Molecule (SLAM) family within the immunoglobulin superfamily. SLAMF7 is primarily expressed on the surface of immune cells, espe...
CDCP1 - CUB domain containing protein 1
BackgroundCDCP1 (CUB Domain Containing Protein 1), also known as CD318 or Trask, is a transmembrane protein widely expressed across cell types, including epithelial cells, stem cells, and notably in certain types of cancer cells. CDCP1 is known for its involvement in various cellular processes, incl...
BST2 - bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2
BackgroundBone Marrow Stromal Cell Antigen 2 (BST2), also known as tetherin, is a type II transmembrane protein that plays a significant role in the immune response. It is involved in antiviral defenses, specifically by restricting the release of enveloped viruses from infected cells. BST2 was first...
PTGFRN - prostaglandin F2 receptor inhibitor
BackgroundProstaglandin F2 receptor inhibitor (PTGFRN), also known as CD315 or FPRP (Fas-associated protein response-related protein), is a transmembrane protein associated with prostaglandin receptor signaling. PTGFRN is known primarily for its ability to modulate prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2α) rec...
KLRK1 - killer cell lectin like receptor K1
BackgroundKiller cell lectin-like receptor K1 (KLRK1), commonly known as NKG2D (natural-killer group 2 member D), is an activating receptor expressed on several immune cell types, primarily natural killer (NK) cells and certain subsets of T cells (e.g., CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and gamma-delta (γδ) T ...
FCRL - Fc receptor like
BackgroundFc receptor-like (FCRL) proteins are part of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) and are homologous to classical Fc receptors (FcRs), which are molecules that bind the Fc region of antibodies and mediate immune responses. FCRL proteins are expressed primarily on B cells, where they influ...
LAIR2 - leukocyte associated immunoglobulin like receptor 2
BackgroundLeukocyte-associated immunoglobulin-like receptor 2 (LAIR2) is a soluble member of the immunoglobulin superfamily and is structurally similar to LAIR1. Unlike LAIR1, which is a membrane-bound receptor, LAIR2 is found freely in extracellular fluids and serves as a natural decoy receptor. LA...
LAIR1 - leukocyte associated immunoglobulin like receptor 1
BackgroundLeukocyte-associated immunoglobulin-like receptor 1 (LAIR1) is a critical immune regulatory receptor found primarily on leukocytes. It belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily and functions predominantly as an inhibitory receptor that helps modulate immune responses to prevent overactivat...
NRP1 - neuropilin 1
BackgroundNeuropilin-1 (NRP1) is a multifunctional transmembrane glycoprotein that plays critical roles in multiple physiological processes, including vascular development, neural guidance, immune modulation, and cancer progression. First characterized as a receptor involved in the guidance of axons...
CLEC4C - C-type lectin domain family 4 member C
BackgroundCLEC4C, also known as CD303 or BDCA-2 (Blood Dendritic Cell Antigen 2), is a member of the C-type lectin domain family 4 of receptors and is highly specific to plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), a subset of immune cells that are crucial for antiviral responses. CLEC4C serves as a pattern...
CD302 - CD302 molecule
BackgroundCD302, also known as the CD302 molecule or CLEC13A, is a protein within the C-type lectin receptor (CLR) family and plays a role in the immune system. Expressed predominantly on dendritic cells, monocytes, macrophages, and granulocytes, CD302 is a transmembrane receptor that is thought to ...
CLEC10A - C-type lectin domain containing 10A
BackgroundCLEC10A (C-type lectin domain containing 10A), also known as CD301 or MGL (Macrophage Galactose-Type Lectin), is a transmembrane protein in the C-type lectin receptor (CLR) family primarily expressed on antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and certain monocytes. C...
CLEC4M - C-type lectin domain family 4 member M
BackgroundCLEC4M (C-type lectin domain family 4 member M), also known as L-SIGN (liver/lymph node-specific ICAM-3 grabbing non-integrin), is a member of the C-type lectin receptor family that primarily functions as a carbohydrate-binding receptor on endothelial cells. CLEC4M is highly expressed on s...
ATP1B3 - ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit beta 3
BackgroundThe ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit beta 3 (ATP1B3) is a critical protein involved in maintaining cellular ionic balance through the sodium-potassium (Na+/K+) pump, an essential enzyme for cellular homeostasis. ATP1B3 is one of the beta subunits of this Na+/K+-ATPase complex, which acti...
ART4 - ADP-ribosyltransferase 4
BackgroundADP-ribosyltransferase 4 (ART4), also known as CD297, is an enzyme that belongs to the ART family of ADP-ribosyltransferases. These enzymes mediate the transfer of ADP-ribose from NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) to specific target proteins, a modification that alters their functio...
ART1 - ADP-ribosyltransferase 1
BackgroundADP-ribosyltransferase 1 (ART1) is an enzyme that belongs to the ART superfamily of proteins, which catalyze the transfer of ADP-ribose from NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) to target proteins, a process known as mono-ADP-ribosylation. This post-translational modification alters th...
LEPR - leptin receptor
BackgroundThe leptin receptor (LEPR) is a cell surface receptor that plays a central role in energy homeostasis, metabolism, and body weight regulation. LEPR is the receptor for leptin, a hormone primarily secreted by adipose (fat) tissue that signals satiety and energy sufficiency to the brain. Lep...
BMPR1B - bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 1B
BackgroundBone morphogenetic protein receptor type 1B (BMPR1B) is a serine/threonine kinase receptor that plays a central role in mediating the effects of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), which are part of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily. BMPs are critical regulators of ce...
BMPR1A - bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 1A
BackgroundBone morphogenetic protein receptor type 1A (BMPR1A) is a receptor for the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), a subgroup of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily. BMPs are growth factors and cytokines that play critical roles in embryonic development, skeletal formation,...
TLR10 - toll like receptor 10
BackgroundToll-like receptor 10 (TLR10) is the only human TLR with an entirely unknown ligand and functional role, marking it as a unique and enigmatic member of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family. This family plays essential roles in innate immunity by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular pat...
TLR9 - toll like receptor 9
BackgroundToll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is an integral component of the immune system and a member of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, primarily involved in the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) within microbial DNA. TLR9 is uniquely specialized to detect unmethylated C...
TLR8 - toll like receptor 8
BackgroundToll-like receptor 8 (TLR8) is a member of the toll-like receptor family, which plays a crucial role in the innate immune system by recognizing specific molecular patterns associated with pathogens. TLR8, in particular, is an endosomal receptor that primarily recognizes single-stranded RNA...
TLR6 - toll like receptor 6
BackgroundToll-like receptor 6 (TLR6) is a pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) in the toll-like receptor family that plays a critical role in the innate immune system. It is highly conserved across many species and primarily recognizes microbial components, particularly diacylated lipopeptides, which...
TLR4 - toll like receptor 4
BackgroundToll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a member of the toll-like receptor family of proteins, which play crucial roles in the innate immune system. TLR4 is well-known for its capacity to detect lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, which is a pathog...
TLR3 - toll like receptor 3
BackgroundToll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) is a crucial component of the innate immune system and plays a significant role in the detection of viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), a molecular pattern associated with viral infections. Unlike other TLRs, TLR3 is predominantly responsible for recognizing vira...