LPAR - Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor | Elisa - Clia - Antibody - Protein

Background:

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptors, also known as LPARs, are a family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that mediate the biological effects of lysophosphatidic acid. LPA is a bioactive lipid molecule involved in various physiological and pathological processes, including cell proliferation, migration, survival, and inflammation. LPA exerts its effects by binding to and activating specific receptors on the cell surface, primarily LPA receptors. LPA was first identified as a serum-derived factor that stimulates cell proliferation, and its receptors were subsequently discovered in the late 1990s and early 2000s. The primary ligands for LPA receptors are lysophosphatidic acids, which are lipid molecules with a phosphate head group and a single fatty acid tail. LPA molecules can vary in the length and saturation of their fatty acid chains, influencing their binding affinity and specificity for different receptor subtypes.

Structural Features:

LPA receptors belong to the class A rhodopsin-like GPCR family. They possess the typical seven-transmembrane domain structure characteristic of GPCRs, with an extracellular N-terminus and an intracellular C-terminus. These receptors also have binding sites for G proteins, which initiate intracellular signaling upon receptor activation.

Subtypes and Classification:

There are six subtypes of LPA receptors, designated LPA1-6. These subtypes are encoded by different genes and exhibit variations in tissue distribution, ligand specificity, and downstream signaling pathways.

1.   LPA1 (also known as EDG2 or LPAR1)

2.   LPA2 (also known as EDG4 or LPAR2)

3.   LPA3 (also known as EDG7 or LPAR3)

4.   LPA4 (also known as GPR23 or P2Y9)

5.   LPA5 (also known as GPR92 or P2Y5)

6.   LPA6 (also known as P2Y5)

Physiological Functions:

LPA receptors mediate a wide range of physiological functions in various tissues and cell types. These functions include:

• Regulation of cell proliferation and survival
• Promotion of cell migration and invasion
• Modulation of vascular tone and blood pressure
• Regulation of immune responses and inflammation
• Modulation of neuronal development and function
• Regulation of lipid metabolism and adipocyte differentiation

Clinical Implications:

Dysregulation of LPA signaling and LPA receptor expression has been implicated in various diseases and pathological conditions, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, fibrosis, neurodegenerative disorders, and infertility. Aberrant LPA signaling can contribute to disease progression by promoting cell proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, and inflammation.

Therapeutic Potential:

LPA receptors have emerged as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of various diseases. Modulating LPA receptor signaling could offer therapeutic benefits in conditions such as cancer, fibrosis, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disorders. Several small-molecule antagonists and agonists targeting LPA receptors are currently under investigation in preclinical and clinical studies as potential therapeutics. Additionally, efforts to develop selective inhibitors targeting specific LPA receptor subtypes are ongoing to minimize off-target effects and maximize therapeutic efficacy.