TAAR - Trace Amine-Associated Receptor | Elisa - Clia - Antibody - Protein

Background:

Trace Amine-Associated Receptors (TAARs) are a class of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that were discovered relatively recently and are known for their ability to respond to trace amines, a group of endogenous amines present in low concentrations in the body. TAARs are evolutionarily related to biogenic amine receptors, such as dopamine receptors, and are widely expressed in various tissues, including the brain, olfactory epithelium, and peripheral organs. TAARs are activated by a variety of endogenous and exogenous ligands, including trace amines such as β-phenylethylamine (PEA), tyramine, and tryptamine. Additionally, some TAARs can be activated by biogenic amines, odorants, and synthetic compounds. In summary, Trace Amine-Associated Receptors (TAARs) are a class of GPCRs with diverse physiological functions and potential implications in various clinical conditions. Further research into TAAR pharmacology and biology may lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches for neuropsychiatric disorders, olfactory disorders, endocrine disorders, and metabolic disorders.

Structural Features:

TAARs share structural similarities with other GPCRs, consisting of seven transmembrane domains, an extracellular N-terminus, and an intracellular C-terminus. They exhibit sequence homology with each other and with other amine receptors.

Classification:

TAARs are classified into two major groups based on their phylogenetic relationships and sequence homology:

1.   Class A TAARs: These receptors are primarily expressed in the brain and are involved in modulating neurotransmission and neuromodulation.

2.   Class B TAARs: These receptors are predominantly expressed in the olfactory epithelium and are involved in olfactory sensation and perception.

Physiological Functions:

1.   Neurotransmission Modulation: TAARs play a role in modulating neurotransmitter release and neuronal activity in various brain regions, influencing processes such as mood, cognition, and locomotion.

2.   Olfactory Sensation: TAARs expressed in the olfactory epithelium are involved in detecting volatile amines and other odorants, contributing to olfactory sensation and perception.

3.   Endocrine Regulation: TAARs are implicated in the regulation of endocrine function, including hormone secretion from the pituitary gland and other endocrine organs.

4.   Metabolic Regulation: Some TAARs are expressed in peripheral tissues involved in metabolic regulation, suggesting potential roles in energy homeostasis, glucose metabolism, and adipose tissue function.

Clinical Implications:

1.   Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Dysregulation of TAAR signaling has been implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and substance use disorders, making TAARs potential targets for pharmacological intervention.

2.   Olfactory Disorders: Alterations in TAAR expression or function may contribute to olfactory dysfunction in conditions such as anosmia or hyposmia.

3.   Endocrine Disorders: TAARs may play a role in endocrine disorders involving dysregulated hormone secretion, although further research is needed to elucidate their specific contributions.

4.   Metabolic Disorders: Given their potential roles in metabolic regulation, TAARs are being investigated as potential targets for the treatment of metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Therapeutic Potential:

1.   TAAR Agonists and Antagonists: Development of TAAR ligands with agonist or antagonist properties for therapeutic intervention in neuropsychiatric disorders, olfactory disorders, endocrine disorders, and metabolic disorders.

2.   Modulation of Neurotransmission: Targeting TAAR signaling pathways to modulate neurotransmitter release and neuronal activity for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.

3.   Olfactory Therapeutics: Manipulating TAAR function to restore olfactory sensation and perception in individuals with olfactory dysfunction.

4.   Metabolic Therapeutics: Investigating TAAR modulation as a potential strategy for managing metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes.