ADGRB - Adhesion G protein-coupled receptor B | Elisa - Clia - Antibody - Protein

Background

Adhesion G protein-coupled receptor B (ADGRB) is a subtype of the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family, characterized by a large extracellular region involved in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. ADGRB receptors play crucial roles in various biological processes, including neuronal development, synaptic plasticity, and immune response regulation. They mediate adhesion by interacting with extracellular matrix proteins, cell adhesion molecules, or other cells, thereby influencing cell migration, axon guidance, and tissue morphogenesis. ADGRB receptors can activate downstream signaling pathways through G protein-dependent or independent mechanisms, modulating intracellular signaling cascades and gene expression. Dysregulation of ADGRB signaling has been implicated in neurological disorders, such as autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer's disease, as well as cancer progression and metastasis. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying ADGRB function provides insights into their roles in cellular physiology and disease pathology, offering potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Ongoing research continues to uncover the intricate functions of ADGRB receptors and their implications for human health.

Protein Structure

ADGRB receptors are characterized by:

• Extracellular Domain: Features multiple adhesion domains such as thrombospondin repeats, hormone-binding regions, and EGF-like domains, which facilitate interactions with other cells and the extracellular matrix.
• 7-Transmembrane Domain: This GPCR hallmark domain spans the cell membrane seven times, essential for signal transduction.
• Intracellular Tail: Contains sites for interaction with G proteins and other intracellular signaling molecules, critical for downstream signaling.

Classification and Subtypes

The ADGRB subfamily includes several members:

• ADGRB1 (BAI1): Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1
• ADGRB2 (BAI2): Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 2
• ADGRB3 (BAI3): Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 3

These receptors are primarily distinguished by their unique extracellular adhesion domains and their specific roles in different tissues.

Function and Biological Significance

ADGRB receptors have diverse and significant roles:

1. Angiogenesis Inhibition: Initially identified for their roles in inhibiting angiogenesis, particularly in the brain.
2. Cell Adhesion: Facilitate cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion, important for maintaining tissue integrity.
3. Neurodevelopment: Involved in neural development processes including synapse formation and neurogenesis.
4. Signal Transduction: Activate intracellular signaling pathways via G proteins, influencing cellular responses such as growth, survival, and migration.
5. Immune Response: Regulate immune cell adhesion and migration, playing roles in immune surveillance and inflammation.

Interactions

ADGRB receptors interact with a variety of molecules:

1. Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Bind to matrix components like thrombospondins and collagens, facilitating cell-matrix adhesion.
2. Other Cell Surface Receptors: Engage in interactions with integrins and other adhesion molecules, contributing to cell-cell communication.
3. G Proteins: Upon activation, interact with G proteins to initiate intracellular signaling cascades.
4. Intracellular Signaling Molecules: Interact with kinases, phosphatases, and other proteins involved in signal transduction pathways.

Clinical Significance

Dysregulation or mutations in ADGRB receptors are linked to various clinical conditions:

1. Cancer: Aberrant expression and function of ADGRB receptors have been implicated in tumorigenesis, tumor angiogenesis, and metastasis.
2. Neurological Disorders: Mutations and dysregulation in ADGRB receptors are associated with neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases.
3. Cardiovascular Diseases: Given their roles in angiogenesis and vascular integrity, ADGRB receptors are involved in conditions such as atherosclerosis and hypertension.
4. Inflammatory Diseases: Implicated in the regulation of immune cell function and inflammation, influencing conditions like autoimmune disorders.

Summary

ADGRB receptors, part of the adhesion GPCR family, are crucial for cell adhesion, signaling, and interaction with the extracellular matrix. They are characterized by extracellular adhesion domains, a 7-transmembrane domain, and an intracellular tail involved in signaling. ADGRB receptors play significant roles in angiogenesis inhibition, neurodevelopment, and immune responses. Dysregulation of these receptors is associated with various diseases, including cancer, neurological disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and inflammatory conditions. Understanding ADGRB receptor structure, function, and interactions provides valuable insights into their roles in health and disease.