CD28 molecule | Elisa - Clia - Antibody - Protein

Family main features

Background

CD28 is a pivotal co-stimulatory molecule expressed on the surface of T cells. It plays a crucial role in the activation and survival of T cells, which are essential components of the adaptive immune system. CD28 is predominantly found on CD4+ T helper cells, although it is also present on a subset of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. The interaction of CD28 with its ligands, CD80 (B7-1) and CD86 (B7-2), on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) provides the necessary secondary signals that, together with signals from the T cell receptor (TCR), lead to full T cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation. The presence and function of CD28 are vital for initiating effective immune responses and for maintaining T cell homeostasis and tolerance.


Protein Structure

The CD28 molecule is a homodimeric glycoprotein, each monomer comprising several distinct structural domains:

Extracellular Domain:

  • This domain is responsible for ligand binding and consists of approximately 134 amino acids.
  • It includes an immunoglobulin variable (IgV)-like domain that interacts with CD80 and CD86.
  • The extracellular portion is heavily glycosylated, which is crucial for its stability and ligand binding.

Transmembrane Domain:

  • Comprising about 25 hydrophobic amino acids, the transmembrane region anchors CD28 in the cell membrane.
  • This region is involved in the dimerization of CD28 monomers, a critical feature for its function.

Cytoplasmic Tail:

  • The intracellular domain contains approximately 41 amino acids.
  • It has several conserved motifs, including YMNM and PYAP, which are essential for signal transduction.
  • These motifs recruit and activate various intracellular signaling molecules, such as PI3K, Grb2, and ITK, upon ligand binding.


Classification and Subtypes

CD28 does not have multiple subtypes like some other cell surface molecules. However, it functions in concert with various co-stimulatory and inhibitory receptors, forming part of a broader family of immune regulatory proteins. Its primary ligands, CD80 and CD86, are expressed on APCs, and their interaction with CD28 is essential for the co-stimulation required for T cell activation.


Function and Biological Significance

T Cell Activation:

  • CD28 provides critical second signals necessary for T cell activation. Without these signals, TCR engagement alone may lead to anergy or apoptosis.
  • The binding of CD28 to CD80/CD86 on APCs enhances TCR signaling, leading to increased IL-2 production, T cell proliferation, and survival.

Cytokine Production:

  • CD28 signaling augments the production of various cytokines, including IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-γ, which are essential for T cell proliferation and differentiation.
  • It helps skew the T cell response towards different effector functions depending on the cytokine milieu.

Regulation of Immune Responses:

  • CD28 plays a role in maintaining immune tolerance and preventing autoimmunity.
  • It is involved in the expansion and function of regulatory T cells (Tregs), which suppress excessive immune responses and maintain self-tolerance.

Costimulation and Immune Checkpoints:

  • CD28 works in tandem with inhibitory receptors like CTLA-4, which also binds to CD80/CD86 but delivers inhibitory signals to downregulate T cell responses.
  • The balance between CD28 and CTLA-4 signaling is crucial for the proper regulation of immune responses.


Clinical Issues

Autoimmune Diseases:

  • Dysregulation of CD28 signaling can contribute to autoimmune diseases. Overactive CD28 signaling may lead to excessive T cell activation and autoimmunity.
  • Therapeutic strategies targeting CD28, such as abatacept (a CTLA-4-Ig fusion protein), aim to modulate this pathway to treat autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis.

Cancer Immunotherapy:

  • Enhancing CD28 signaling can boost anti-tumor immunity. This is the basis for using checkpoint inhibitors that block inhibitory receptors like CTLA-4 and PD-1, thus favoring CD28-mediated co-stimulation.
  • However, care must be taken to avoid excessive immune activation, which can lead to immune-related adverse events.

Transplantation:

  • CD28 signaling is critical in graft rejection. Blocking CD28 or its ligands can promote transplant tolerance.
  • Agents like belatacept (another CTLA-4-Ig fusion protein) are used in transplantation to inhibit CD28-mediated T cell activation and prevent rejection.

Infectious Diseases:

  • Proper CD28 signaling is essential for effective responses to infections. Impaired CD28 function can lead to inadequate immune responses and increased susceptibility to infections.


Summary

The CD28 molecule is a cornerstone of T cell activation and immune regulation. Its structure, comprising extracellular, transmembrane, and cytoplasmic domains, allows it to interact with ligands CD80 and CD86 on APCs, providing crucial co-stimulatory signals for T cell activation. CD28 signaling enhances cytokine production, promotes T cell proliferation, and helps maintain immune tolerance. Clinically, CD28 is significant in autoimmunity, cancer immunotherapy, transplantation, and infectious diseases. Therapeutic modulation of CD28 signaling, through agents like CTLA-4-Ig fusion proteins, offers promising avenues for treating various immune-related conditions. Understanding CD28's roles and mechanisms is essential for developing targeted immunotherapies and improving immune regulation strategies.


CD28 Recommended name:

CD28 molecule (CD28)

Aliases for CD28

Tp44,T-cell-specific surface glycoprotein CD28

En la tabla siguiente se muestra una comparativa de todos los reactivos disponibles en nuestro catálogo (Proteins and Peptides, ELISA Kits, Primary Antibodies) relacionados con CD28 molecule

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immunoassays

providerCodereferencenamereactivitysample typeassay typetest rangesensitivitypricesize 1uniprot idstatus
AbbexaCD28abx356685Chicken T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) ELISA KitChickenSerum,Plasma,Other biological fluidsSandwich3.125 ng/ml - 200 ng/ml1.88 ng/ml662.596 testsRUO
AbbexaCD28abx513614Cow T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) ELISA KitCowTissue homogenates,Cell lysates,Other biological fluids0.156 ng/ml - 10 ng/ml687.596 testsQ28071RUO
FineTestCD28EH0653Human CD28(T-cell-specific surface glycoprotein CD28) ELISA KithumanSerum,Plasma,Tissue homogenates,Other biological fluidsSandwich ELISA, Double Antibody0.625-40ng/ml96TP10747RUO
AbbexaCD28abx253617Human T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) ELISA KitHumanTissue homogenates,Cell lysates,Other biological fluidsSandwich0.625 ng/ml - 40 ng/ml0.38 ng/ml52596 testsP10747RUO
AbbexaCD28abx359480Monkey T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) ELISA KitMonkeySerum,Plasma,Other biological fluidsSandwich0.625 ng/ml - 40 ng/ml0.38 ng/ml662.596 testsRUO
FineTestCD28EM1874Mouse CD28(Cluster of Differentiation 28) ELISA KitmouseBusacar en las instruccionesSandwich ELISA, Double Antibody0.156-10ng/ml96TP31041RUO
AbbexaCD28abx513617Mouse T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) ELISA KitMouseTissue homogenates,Cell lysates,Other biological fluidsSandwich0.625 ng/ml - 40 ng/ml< 0.325 ng/ml537.596 testsP31041RUO
AbbexaCD28abx363245Rabbit T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) ELISA KitRabbitSerum,Plasma,Other biological fluidsSandwich3.125 ng/ml - 200 ng/ml1.88 ng/ml662.596 testsRUO
FineTestCD28ER0814Rat CD28(Cluster of Differentiation 28) ELISA KitratSerum,Plasma,Tissue homogenates,Other biological fluidsSandwich ELISA, Double Antibody0.313-20ng/ml96TP31042RUO
AbbexaCD28abx256782Rat T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) ELISA KitRatSerum,Plasma,Other biological fluidsSandwich0.312 ng/ml - 20 ng/ml0.19 ng/ml562.596 testsG3V7C2RUO

Primary Antibodies

providerCodereferencenamereactivityclonalityhostimmunogen targetisotypeconjugationtested applicationspricesize 1uniprot idstatus
AbbexaCD28abx415189T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) Antibody (PE)CowMonoclonalMouseT-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28)PEFCM637.5100 testsQ28071RUO
AbbexaCD28abx033096T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) AntibodyHumanPolyclonalRabbitT-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28)UnconjugatedELISA, WB, IF/ICC25080 µlP10747RUO
AbbexaCD28abx229428T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) AntibodyHumanMonoclonalMouseT-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28)IgG1 Kappa UnconjugatedIHC, FCM, IP10050 µgP10747RUO
AbbexaCD28abx229429T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) Antibody (FITC)HumanMonoclonalMouseT-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28)IgG1 Kappa FITCFCM62.520 testsP10747RUO
AbbexaCD28abx323652T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) AntibodyHumanPolyclonalRabbitT-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28)UnconjugatedELISA, WB187.550 µgP10747RUO
AbbexaCD28abx415422T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) Antibody (PE)HumanMonoclonalRatT-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28)PEFCM487.5100 testsP10747RUO
AbbexaCD28abx432468T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) AntibodyHumanPolyclonalGoatT-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28)UnconjugatedP-ELISA, WB, IHC387.5200 µlRUO
AbbexaCD28abx831586CD28 AntibodyHumanMonoclonalHumanCD28UnconjugatedELISA, WB387.5100 µgRUO
AbbexaCD28abx229430T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) Antibody (PE)HumanMonoclonalMouseT-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28)IgG1 Kappa PEFCM7520 testsP10747RUO
AbbexaCD28abx229431T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) Antibody (APC)HumanMonoclonalMouseT-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28)IgG1 Kappa APCFCM7520 testsP10747RUO
AbbexaCD28abx347094T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) Antibody (PerCP / Cyanine 5.5)HumanMonoclonalMouseT-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28)PerCP / Cyanine 5.5FCM562.5100 testsP10747RUO
AbbexaCD28abx139215T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) AntibodyHumanMonoclonalMouseT-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28)UnconjugatedWB, IHC-F, IF/ICC, FCM, IP, FUNC2750.1 mgP10747RUO
AbbexaCD28abx140988T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) Antibody (APC / Cyanine 7)HumanMonoclonalMouseT-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28)APC / Cyanine 7FCM437.5100 testsP10747RUO
AbbexaCD28abx139217T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) Antibody (PE)HumanMonoclonalMouseT-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28)PEFCM400100 testsP10747RUO
AbbexaCD28abx139216T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) Antibody (PerCP)HumanMonoclonalMouseT-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28)PerCPFCM400100 testsP10747RUO
AbbexaCD28abx139218T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) Antibody (APC)HumanMonoclonalMouseT-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28)APCFCM400100 testsP10747RUO
AbbexaCD28abx139214T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) AntibodyHumanMonoclonalMouseT-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28)UnconjugatedWB, IHC-F, IF/ICC, FCM, IP2750.1 mgP10747RUO
AbbexaCD28abx140933T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) Antibody (APC / Cyanine 7)HumanMonoclonalMouseT-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28)APC / Cyanine 7FCM437.5100 testsP10747RUO
AbbexaCD28abx139219T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) Antibody (FITC)HumanMonoclonalMouseT-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28)FITCFCM350100 testsP10747RUO
AbbexaCD28abx325546T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 Phospho-Tyr218 (CD28 pY218) AntibodyHumanPolyclonalRabbitT-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 Phospho-Tyr218 (CD28 pY218)UnconjugatedELISA, WB187.550 µgP10747RUO
AbbexaCD28abx228279T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) Antibody (APC)MouseMonoclonalHamsterT-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28)IgG APCFCM10050 testsP31041RUO
AbbexaCD28abx228276T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) Antibody (Biotin)MouseMonoclonalHamsterT-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28)IgG BiotinFCM143.7550 µgP31041RUO
AbbexaCD28abx228280T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) Antibody (PE / Cyanine 5)MouseMonoclonalHamsterT-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28)IgG PE / Cyanine 5FCM68.7520 testsP31041RUO
AbbexaCD28abx228281T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) Antibody (PE / Cyanine 7)MouseMonoclonalHamsterT-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28)IgG PE / Cyanine 7FCM68.7520 testsP31041RUO
AbbexaCD28abx228285T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) Antibody (AF647)MouseMonoclonalHamsterT-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28)IgG AF647FCM12550 testsP31041RUO
AbbexaCD28abx137134T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) Antibody (Biotin)MouseMonoclonalHamsterT-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28)Biotin487.50.5 mgRUO
AbbexaCD28abx431150T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) AntibodyMousePolyclonalGoatT-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28)UnconjugatedP-ELISA, WB387.5200 µlRUO
AbbexaCD28abx228284T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) Antibody (AF488)MouseMonoclonalHamsterT-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28)AF488FCM12550 testsP31041RUO
AbbexaCD28abx137135T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) Antibody (FITC)MouseMonoclonalHamsterT-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28)FITC487.50.5 mgRUO
AbbexaCD28abx228278T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) Antibody (PE)MouseMonoclonalHamsterT-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28)IgG PEFCM87.550 testsP31041RUO
AbbexaCD28abx414248T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) Antibody (PE)MouseMonoclonalMouseT-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28)PEFCM487.5100 testsP31041RUO
AbbexaCD28abx228275T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) AntibodyMouseMonoclonalHamsterT-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28)IgG UnconjugatedIHC, FCM, IP7525 µgP31041RUO
AbbexaCD28abx228283T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) Antibody (PerCP / Cyanine 5.5)MouseMonoclonalHamsterT-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28)IgG PerCP / Cyanine 5.5FCM68.7520 testsP31041RUO
AbbexaCD28abx228274T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) AntibodyMouseMonoclonalHamsterT-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28)IgG UnconjugatedIHC, FCM, IP10050 µgP31041RUO
AbbexaCD28abx270191T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) AntibodyMousePolyclonalRabbitT-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28)UnconjugatedFCM30050 testsRUO
AbbexaCD28abx129528T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) AntibodyMousePolyclonalRabbitT-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28)UnconjugatedWB, IHC, IF/ICC262.5100 µlP31041RUO
AbbexaCD28abx270721T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) Antibody (APC)MousePolyclonalRabbitT-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28)APCFCM800200 testsRUO
AbbexaCD28abx228277T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) Antibody (FITC)MouseMonoclonalHamsterT-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28)IgG FITCFCM43.7520 testsP31041RUO
AbbexaCD28abx270953T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) Antibody (PE)MousePolyclonalRabbitT-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28)PEFCM687.5200 testsRUO
AbbexaCD28abx137056T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) AntibodyMouseMonoclonalHamsterT-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28)Unconjugated487.50.5 mgRUO
AbbexaCD28abx270489T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) Antibody (FITC)MousePolyclonalRabbitT-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28)FITCFCM575200 testsRUO
AbbexaCD28abx140108T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) Antibody (PE)RatMonoclonalMouseT-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28)PEFCM3500.1 mgP31042RUO
AbbexaCD28abx140107T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) Antibody (FITC)RatMonoclonalMouseT-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28)FITCFCM3250.1 mgP31042RUO
AbbexaCD28abx140106T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) AntibodyRatMonoclonalMouseT-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28)UnconjugatedFCM, IP237.50.1 mgP31042RUO

Proteins and Peptides

providerCodereferencenameoriginexpressionhostconjugationtested applicationspricesize 1uniprot idstatus
AbbexaCD28abx680116Human T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) ProteinHumanRecombinantInsectUnconjugatedSDS-PAGE2252 µgRUO
AbbexaCD28abx691104Human T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) ProteinHumanRecombinantHumanSDS-PAGE137.510 µgP10747RUO
AbbexaCD28abx691105Human T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) ProteinHumanRecombinantHEK293 cellsSDS-PAGE412.5100 µgP10747-1RUO
AbbexaCD28abx168377Mouse T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) ProteinMouseRecombinantE. coliUnconjugatedWB, SDS-PAGE22510 µgP31041RUO
AbbexaCD28abx691860Mouse T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) ProteinMouseRecombinantHEK293 cellsSDS-PAGE775100 µgRUO
AbbexaCD28abx692703Mouse T-Cell-Specific Surface Glycoprotein CD28 (CD28) ProteinMouseRecombinantHEK293 cellsSDS-PAGE475100 µgRUO

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