VIPR - Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Receptor | Elisa - Clia - Antibody - Protein

Background:

The Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Receptor (VIPR), also known as VPAC (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Peptide Receptor), is a class B G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that mediates the effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP). VIPR is widely distributed throughout the body, with high expression in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, immune system, and various peripheral tissues. VIPR is activated by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP), two closely related neuropeptides that share structural homology and exert similar physiological effects. VIPR1 and VIPR2 bind to both VIP and PACAP, while PAC1 receptor preferentially binds to PACAP. In summary, the Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Receptor (VIPR) plays critical roles in neurotransmission, gastrointestinal regulation, immune modulation, and cardiovascular regulation. Dysregulation of VIPR signaling is implicated in various clinical conditions, making VIPR a potential therapeutic target for neurological disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, immune disorders, and cardiovascular disorders.

Structural Features:

VIPR belongs to the secretin receptor family, characterized by a large extracellular N-terminus, seven transmembrane helices, and an intracellular C-terminus. It shares structural similarities with other class B GPCRs and exhibits ligand-binding domains for VIP and PACAP.

Subtypes:

There are three known subtypes of VIPR:

1.   VIPR1 (VPAC1): Exhibits high affinity for both VIP and PACAP.

2.   VIPR2 (VPAC2): Selectively binds to VIP with high affinity and PACAP with lower affinity.

3.   PAC1 Receptor: Preferentially binds to PACAP over VIP and exhibits high-affinity binding to the shorter forms of PACAP (PACAP27 and PACAP38).

Physiological Functions:

1.   Neurotransmission and Neuromodulation: VIP and PACAP, acting through VIPR, modulate neuronal excitability, synaptic transmission, and neurotransmitter release in the central and peripheral nervous systems, influencing processes such as cognition, mood regulation, and pain perception.

2.   Gastrointestinal Regulation: VIP and PACAP regulate gastrointestinal motility, secretion, and blood flow, contributing to digestive processes and mucosal protection.

3.   Immune Modulation: VIP and PACAP exert immunomodulatory effects, regulating immune cell function, cytokine production, and inflammatory responses in both innate and adaptive immunity.

4.   Vasodilation and Cardiovascular Regulation: VIP and PACAP induce vasodilation, relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, and modulation of cardiac contractility, influencing blood pressure regulation and cardiovascular function.

Clinical Implications:

1.   Neurological Disorders: Dysregulation of VIPR signaling has been implicated in neurological disorders such as migraine, epilepsy, neurodegenerative diseases, and mood disorders, making VIPR a potential therapeutic target for these conditions.

2.   Gastrointestinal Disorders: Alterations in VIPR signaling are associated with gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and gastroparesis, highlighting VIPR as a potential target for gastrointestinal therapeutics.

3.   Immune Disorders: VIPR dysregulation contributes to immune disorders such as autoimmune diseases, allergies, and inflammatory conditions, suggesting VIPR as a potential target for immunomodulatory therapies.

4.   Cardiovascular Disorders: VIPR dysfunction may play a role in cardiovascular disorders such as hypertension, heart failure, and vascular disorders, indicating VIPR as a potential target for cardiovascular therapeutics.

Therapeutic Potential:

1.   VIPR Agonists and Antagonists: Development of VIPR ligands with agonist or antagonist properties for therapeutic intervention in neurological disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, immune disorders, and cardiovascular disorders.

2.   Neuroprotective Agents: VIPR agonists with neuroprotective properties may be explored as potential treatments for neurodegenerative diseases and neurological injuries.

3.   Gastrointestinal Therapeutics: Targeting VIPR signaling pathways to regulate gastrointestinal motility, secretion, and inflammation for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.

4.   Immunomodulatory Agents: Developing VIPR agonists or antagonists to modulate immune responses and inflammation in immune-related disorders.