IL10RB - Interleukin 10 Receptor Beta | Elisa - Clia - Antibody - Protein

Background:

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a cytokine, secreted by various immune cells such as T cells, B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. It is produced as a homodimer, meaning it consists of two identical subunits linked together. Each subunit contains about 160 amino acids and adopts a tertiary structure stabilized by disulfide bonds. IL-10 exerts its effects by binding to specific cell surface receptors, including the IL-10 receptor (IL-10R), which initiates downstream signaling pathways. IL-10 is primarily known for its anti-inflammatory properties. It suppresses the activity of pro-inflammatory cytokines and immune cells, thereby dampening the inflammatory response. IL-10 inhibits the production of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), which are involved in inflammation and immune activation. IL-10 plays a crucial role in regulating immune responses to pathogens and preventing excessive tissue damage caused by inflammation. It helps to maintain immune homeostasis by limiting the duration and intensity of immune responses, thereby preventing autoimmune reactions and tissue injury. IL-10 also promotes tissue repair and regeneration by reducing inflammation and promoting wound healing. It also contributes to the induction of immune tolerance, allowing the immune system to differentiate between harmless antigens and potential threats, thereby preventing autoimmune diseases. IL-10RA is a critical component of the IL-10 receptor complex, which also includes the IL-10 receptor subunit beta (IL-10RB).Upon ligand binding, IL-10 induces conformational changes in the IL-10 receptor complex, leading to the activation of intracellular signaling pathways. IL-10RB plays a crucial role in transmitting these signals, particularly through the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway.

Protein Structure:

IL10RB is a type I transmembrane protein composed of 325 amino acids. The structure of IL10RB includes:

• Extracellular Domain: Contains the binding sites for cytokines and their specific receptor alpha chains.
• Transmembrane Domain: Anchors the receptor to the cell membrane.
• Intracellular Domain: Critical for signal transduction, containing regions that interact with intracellular signaling molecules.

Classification and Subtypes:

IL10RB is part of the class II cytokine receptor family. It functions as a common subunit for the receptor complexes of several cytokines, each requiring a specific alpha chain (e.g., IL10RA for IL-10, IL22RA1 for IL-22) in conjunction with IL10RB for proper signaling.

Function and Biological Significance:

• Cytokine Binding and Signal Transduction: IL10RB does not bind cytokines directly on its own but is essential for forming functional receptor complexes with various cytokine-specific alpha chains. This formation is necessary for initiating intracellular signaling cascades.
• Shared Receptor Component: By serving as a common subunit for multiple cytokines, IL10RB enables diverse biological functions, such as immune regulation, anti-inflammatory responses, and antiviral defenses.
• JAK-STAT Pathway Activation: The engagement of IL10RB in receptor complexes typically activates the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, leading to the transcription of genes involved in immune modulation and inflammatory responses.

Interactions:

• IL10RA: Together with IL10RA, IL10RB forms the IL-10 receptor complex, mediating IL-10's anti-inflammatory effects.
• Other Alpha Chains: IL10RB pairs with different alpha chains, such as IL22RA1, IL28RA, and IL20RA, to form receptor complexes for IL-22, IL-28/IL-29, and IL-26, respectively.
• JAK1 and TYK2: IL10RB interacts with these Janus kinases, which are crucial for downstream signaling via the JAK-STAT pathway.

Clinical Issues:

• Genetic Mutations: Mutations in IL10RB can lead to immunodeficiencies and increased susceptibility to inflammatory diseases, such as early-onset inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
• Autoimmune Diseases: Defective IL10RB signaling is associated with heightened inflammatory responses, contributing to the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders.
• Therapeutic Target: Modulating IL10RB function holds therapeutic potential in treating autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, as well as enhancing antiviral defenses.

Summary:

IL10RB (Interleukin 10 Receptor Beta) is a crucial component of receptor complexes for several cytokines, including IL-10, IL-22, IL-26, IL-28A, IL-28B, and IL-29. By serving as a common subunit in these complexes, IL10RB facilitates the activation of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, leading to diverse biological effects such as immune regulation and inflammation control. Mutations in IL10RB can result in immunodeficiencies and autoimmune diseases, highlighting its importance in maintaining immune homeostasis. Understanding the role of IL10RB in cytokine signaling provides valuable insights into therapeutic strategies for modulating immune responses in various diseases.