CX3C - Chemokine C-X3-C-Motif (Ligand) | Elisa - Clia - Antibody - Protein

Background:

Chemokine receptors are a class of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that respond to chemokines, a group of small proteins involved in immune cell migration and inflammation. Chemokine receptors play crucial roles in various physiological processes, including immune surveillance, leukocyte trafficking, inflammation, and wound healing.Chemokine receptors bind to chemokines, a family of small proteins secreted by various cell types, including immune cells, endothelial cells, and stromal cells. Chemokines are classified based on the arrangement of cysteine residues into four groups: CC, CXC, CX3C, and XC.

Structural Features:

Chemokine receptors, like other GPCRs, possess seven transmembrane domains and have an extracellular N-terminus and an intracellular C-terminus. Upon ligand binding, conformational changes in the receptor initiate intracellular signaling cascades through interaction with heterotrimeric G proteins.

Subtypes and Classification:

Chemokine receptors are classified into several subfamilies based on their structure and ligand specificity, including:

• CCR (CC Chemokine Receptors): Respond to CC chemokines and include receptors such as CCR1, CCR2, CCR3, CCR4, CCR5, CCR6, CCR7, CCR8, CCR9, CCR10, and others.
• CXCR (CXC Chemokine Receptors): Respond to CXC chemokines and include receptors such as CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3, CXCR4, CXCR5, CXCR6, and others.
• XCR1 (X-C Chemokine Receptor 1): Responds to the unique X-C chemokine, lymphotactin.
• CX3CR1 (CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1): Responds to the sole CX3C chemokine, fractalkine (CX3CL1).

Physiological Functions:

Chemokine receptors mediate various physiological effects in different tissues and organ systems:

• Immune Cell Trafficking: Chemokine receptors regulate the migration and positioning of immune cells, including leukocytes, lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and monocytes, within lymphoid organs and inflamed tissues.
• Inflammation: Chemokine receptors play a critical role in orchestrating inflammatory responses by promoting leukocyte recruitment to sites of injury or infection and activating immune cells to initiate the immune response.
• Wound Healing: Chemokine receptors regulate the recruitment of immune cells and fibroblasts to sites of tissue injury, facilitating wound healing and tissue repair processes.
• Development and Homeostasis: Chemokine receptors are involved in embryonic development, organogenesis, and the maintenance of tissue homeostasis by regulating cell migration, proliferation, and survival.

Clinical Implications:

Dysregulation of chemokine receptor signaling is associated with various pathological conditions:

Inflammatory Diseases: Altered chemokine receptor activity may contribute to inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, asthma, and inflammatory bowel disease.

Autoimmune Disorders: Dysfunctional chemokine signaling is implicated in autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus, type 1 diabetes, and psoriasis.

Cancer: Chemokine receptors play a role in cancer progression by promoting tumor cell migration, invasion, and metastasis, making them potential targets for cancer therapy.

Infectious Diseases: Chemokine receptors are exploited by pathogens to facilitate infection and dissemination within the host, contributing to the pathogenesis of infectious diseases.

Therapeutic Potential:

Chemokine receptors represent potential targets for therapeutic intervention in various diseases. Pharmacological modulation of chemokine receptor activity, either through antagonists, allosteric modulators, or monoclonal antibodies, holds promise for the development of novel therapies targeting these receptors.