APOO - Apolipoprotein O | Elisa - Clia - Antibody - Protein

Background:

Apolipoprotein O (APOO) is a less studied member of the apolipoprotein family, and its functions are not yet fully understood. APOO is encoded by the APOO gene, also known as C1orf170, located on chromosome 1q24.2 in humans. It consists of two exons and one intron. APOO is expressed in various tissues, including the liver, kidney, heart, and brain. Its expression pattern suggests potential roles in lipid metabolism and other cellular processes.The exact function of APOO is not well characterized, but it is believed to be involved in lipid metabolism and potentially other cellular processes. Some studies have suggested roles for APOO in cholesterol metabolism and the assembly and secretion of lipoproteins.APOO has been found associated with very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), which are involved in the transport of lipids in the bloodstream. However, its specific role in lipoprotein metabolism is not fully understood.Research on APOO is relatively limited compared to other apolipoproteins such as APOE or APOA1. Further studies are needed to elucidate its precise functions and roles in health and disease. Currently, there is limited information available regarding specific disease associations of APOO. However, given its association with lipoproteins and potential roles in lipid metabolism, it may be implicated in conditions related to dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease.

Protein Structure:

• Primary Structure: APOO is a relatively small protein composed of approximately 198 amino acids.
• Secondary Structure: The protein contains several alpha-helices and beta-sheets that are typical of apolipoproteins and essential for lipid binding.
• Tertiary Structure: The three-dimensional structure of APOO includes a hydrophobic core that can accommodate lipid molecules, similar to other apolipoproteins.
• Quaternary Structure: APOO can form part of lipoprotein particles, especially HDL, and may exist in different oligomeric states depending on its lipid-binding status.

Classification and Subtypes:

APOO is classified within the apolipoprotein family, which is characterized by proteins that bind lipids to form lipoprotein particles. Unlike some other apolipoproteins, APOO does not have well-defined subtypes.

Function and Biological Significance:

APOO has several important functions in the body:

• Lipid Transport and Metabolism: APOO is involved in the transport of lipids, particularly in HDL particles. It plays a role in the reverse cholesterol transport pathway, which helps remove excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver for excretion.
• Mitochondrial Function: Emerging research suggests that APOO might be involved in mitochondrial function, potentially influencing energy metabolism and oxidative stress.
• Regulation of Apoptosis: APOO has been implicated in the regulation of apoptosis, or programmed cell death, which is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and preventing disease development.

Interactions:

APOO interacts with various lipoprotein particles, including HDL and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). It also interacts with other apolipoproteins, such as APOA1, to facilitate lipid binding and transport. Additionally, APOO may interact with mitochondrial proteins, influencing mitochondrial function and cellular energy metabolism.

Clinical Issues:

• Cardiovascular Diseases: Altered levels of APOO have been associated with cardiovascular diseases. Higher levels of APOO in HDL particles might influence the anti-atherogenic properties of HDL, affecting cardiovascular risk.
• Metabolic Disorders: Changes in APOO expression have been observed in metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, suggesting its role in metabolic regulation and energy balance.
• Potential Biomarker: Due to its involvement in lipid metabolism and cardiovascular health, APOO has the potential to serve as a biomarker for diagnosing and monitoring metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.

Summary:

Apolipoprotein O (APOO) is a crucial player in lipid metabolism, particularly within HDL particles. It plays significant roles in lipid transport, mitochondrial function, and apoptosis regulation. Interactions with other lipoproteins and mitochondrial proteins highlight its multifunctional nature. Altered APOO levels are linked to cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, making it a potential biomarker and therapeutic target. Further research is needed to elucidate its complete functions and mechanisms in health and disease.