Human Apolipoprotein O (APOO) Protein

Background

Apolipoprotein O (APOO) is a lipid-associated protein that is primarily involved in lipid metabolism, mitochondrial function, and cardiovascular health. APOO is widely expressed in the heart, liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissues, where it associates with circulating lipoproteins such as high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL). APOO plays a critical role in modulating mitochondrial function and energy metabolism by influencing mitochondrial membrane integrity and regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Additionally, APOO has been implicated in the formation and secretion of lipoproteins, as well as the trafficking of cholesterol and triglycerides. Altered APOO expression has been observed in metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, including obesity, insulin resistance, and atherosclerosis, where it contributes to lipid accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress. Recent findings suggest APOO may also play a role in regulating cellular responses to hypoxia and energy stress, highlighting its importance in maintaining cellular and mitochondrial homeostasis. As a key mediator of lipid metabolism and mitochondrial function, APOO is an emerging target for research into the prevention and treatment of metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and oxidative stress-related conditions. Further investigation is needed to fully elucidate APOO’s mechanisms and therapeutic potential in lipid homeostasis and mitochondrial health.