ADGRF - Adhesion G-protein coupled receptor F | Elisa - Clia - Antibody - Protein

Background

The Adhesion G-protein coupled receptor F (ADGRF), also known as GPR110, is a member of the adhesion GPCR family. These receptors are characterized by a unique structure that combines features of both cell adhesion molecules and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). ADGRF/GPR110 is specifically implicated in cellular adhesion and signaling processes. ADGRF/GPR110 contains an extracellular domain responsible for cell adhesion, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular domain that interacts with G proteins to initiate signaling cascades.It is expressed in various tissues including the brain, liver, kidney, and immune cells. Its expression pattern suggests roles in diverse physiological processes. ADGRF/GPR110 is involved in cell adhesion, migration, and signaling events. Its precise functions are still being elucidated, but studies suggest its involvement in developmental processes, immune responses, and cancer progression.The endogenous ligands of ADGRF/GPR110 are not fully characterized, but it has been shown to interact with proteins such as Tenascin C, a large extracellular matrix glycoprotein.ADGRF/GPR110 dysregulation has been implicated in various diseases including cancer. It has been found to be overexpressed in certain types of cancer such as breast cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma, where it may contribute to tumor growth and metastasis.

Protein Structure

ADGRF receptors share common structural features typical of adhesion GPCRs:

• Extracellular Domain: Characterized by multiple adhesion motifs such as EGF-like domains, GPS (GPCR proteolytic site) domains, and various other domains that facilitate cell adhesion and interaction with the extracellular matrix.
• 7-Transmembrane Domain: This domain, characteristic of GPCRs, spans the cell membrane seven times and is essential for signal transduction.
• Intracellular Tail: The intracellular region contains sites for interaction with G proteins and other intracellular signaling molecules, which are critical for initiating downstream signaling pathways.

Classification and Subtypes

The ADGRF subfamily includes several members:

• ADGRF1 (GPR110)
• ADGRF2 (GPR111)
• ADGRF3 (GPR113)
• ADGRF4 (GPR115)
• ADGRF5 (GPR116)
• ADGRF6 (GPR123)

These receptors are classified based on their specific extracellular adhesion domains and their tissue-specific expression patterns.

Function and Biological Significance

ADGRF receptors have diverse and significant roles:

1. Cell Adhesion: Facilitate interactions between cells and with the extracellular matrix, which is crucial for maintaining tissue integrity and organization.
2. Signal Transduction: Initiate intracellular signaling pathways through G protein activation upon ligand binding, affecting cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, and migration.
3. Developmental Processes: Play important roles in embryonic development, including neural, vascular, and organ development.
4. Immune Regulation: Involved in the regulation of immune cell adhesion, migration, and function, impacting immune surveillance and response.

Interactions

ADGRF receptors interact with a variety of molecules to perform their functions:

1. Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Bind to components such as collagen, fibronectin, and laminin, facilitating cell-matrix adhesion.
2. Other Cell Surface Receptors: Interact with integrins and other adhesion molecules to mediate cell-cell communication.
3. G Proteins: Activate G proteins upon ligand binding, leading to intracellular signaling cascades.
4. Intracellular Signaling Molecules: Engage with kinases, phosphatases, and other signaling proteins to modulate cellular responses.

Clinical Significance

Alterations in ADGRF receptor function or expression are linked to various diseases:

1. Cancer: Dysregulation of ADGRF receptors has been associated with tumor progression, metastasis, and angiogenesis.
2. Neurological Disorders: Mutations and abnormal expression of ADGRF receptors can contribute to neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases.
3. Cardiovascular Diseases: Involved in vascular development and integrity, with implications in conditions like atherosclerosis and hypertension.
4. Immune Disorders: Affect immune cell function and inflammation, potentially influencing autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammatory conditions.

Summary

ADGRF receptors, part of the adhesion GPCR family, are essential for mediating cell adhesion, signaling, and various physiological processes. They are characterized by extended extracellular domains with adhesion motifs, a 7-transmembrane domain, and intracellular regions for signaling. ADGRF receptors play crucial roles in cell adhesion, signal transduction, development, and immune regulation. Dysregulation of these receptors is associated with cancer, neurological disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and immune disorders. Understanding the structure, function, and interactions of ADGRF receptors provides insights into their roles in health and disease.