Human Pregnancy Specific Beta-1-Glycoprotein 1 (PSG1) Protein

Background

Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein 1 (PSG1) is part of the pregnancy-specific glycoprotein (PSG) family, which belongs to the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily. These glycoproteins are encoded by a group of genes clustered on chromosome 19q13.2. PSG1 is the most abundantly expressed member of the PSG family during pregnancy and plays a crucial role in modulating the maternal immune system to ensure successful pregnancy outcomes. The PSG proteins are primarily produced by the syncytiotrophoblasts of the placenta and released into maternal circulation, where their levels rise significantly during pregnancy. They are considered placental hormones with immunomodulatory and angiogenic properties that help maintain the immunological tolerance of the fetus and support fetal development. PSG1, in particular, has been studied for its involvement in the regulation of immune tolerance, inhibition of inflammatory responses, and promotion of vascularization at the maternal-fetal interface. It is believed to have a key role in creating a favorable environment for fetal growth by modulating maternal immune responses and enhancing placental vascular development.