Human Interferon-Induced GTP-Binding Protein Mx1 (MX1) Protein

Background

MX dynamin-like GTPase 1 (MX1), also known as myxovirus resistance protein 1, is a key component of the innate immune response against viral infections. MX1 belongs to the dynamin family of GTPases and exhibits antiviral activity by interfering with the replication of a wide range of RNA viruses, including influenza and vesicular stomatitis viruses. MX1 exerts its effects by targeting viral nucleocapsids, preventing their transport and replication within host cells. MX1 is induced by type I interferons (IFNs), such as IFN-alpha and IFN-beta, upon viral infection. Its GTPase activity is essential for its antiviral function, facilitating conformational changes required to entrap viral components. The protein localizes to the cytoplasm and assembles into ring-like structures, further enhancing its antiviral activity. MX1 is considered a biomarker for interferon signaling and has potential applications in antiviral therapies.