Human Toll Like Receptor Adaptor Molecule 1 (TICAM1) Protein

Background

TICAM1, also known as TRIF (TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β), is a key adaptor protein in Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, specifically downstream of TLR3 and TLR4. It mediates activation of type I interferon (IFN) responses and pro-inflammatory cytokine production through pathways like IRF3/7 and NF-κB. TICAM1 functions by recruiting downstream signaling molecules, including TBK1, TRAF6, and RIP1, to activate antiviral responses and innate immunity. It is essential for host defense against viral infections, where its activation triggers IFN-β production and inflammatory responses to double-stranded RNA and bacterial components. TICAM1 is widely expressed in immune cells and epithelial tissues, ensuring effective pathogen recognition and elimination. Dysregulation of TICAM1 is associated with immune deficiencies, chronic inflammation, and autoimmune diseases due to impaired or excessive IFN signaling. Knockout studies demonstrate increased susceptibility to viral infections, reduced IFN production, and impaired TLR3/TLR4-mediated immune responses, highlighting its role in antiviral defense and innate immunity.