Human Pregnancy Associated Plasma Protein A (PAPP-A) Protein

Background

PAPPA, also known as pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A, is a zinc-binding metalloproteinase that regulates the activity of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) by cleaving IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs), specifically IGFBP-4 and IGFBP-5. This proteolytic activity increases the bioavailability of IGFs, which are crucial for cell growth, proliferation, and tissue repair. PAPPA is highly expressed during pregnancy, where it contributes to placental development and fetal growth, making it a key biomarker in prenatal screening for conditions like preeclampsia and Down syndrome. Outside of pregnancy, PAPPA is involved in regulating processes such as bone remodeling, wound healing, and inflammation. Elevated PAPPA expression has been observed in cardiovascular diseases and certain cancers, where it promotes IGF-mediated cell proliferation and tumor progression. Its role in modulating IGF signaling highlights its importance in both physiological and pathological conditions.