Human Interferon Gamma (IFNg) Protein

Background

Interferon Gamma (IFNG) is a pivotal cytokine of the immune system, classified as a type II interferon, and is primarily produced by activated T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, and NKT cells. Unlike type I interferons, IFNG signals through a distinct receptor, the interferon gamma receptor (IFNGR), leading to the activation of the JAK-STAT pathway and the induction of a unique set of genes critical for immune defense. IFNG plays a central role in coordinating both innate and adaptive immune responses, including macrophage activation for enhanced phagocytosis and antigen processing, upregulation of MHC class I and II molecules to improve antigen presentation, and stimulation of cytotoxic T cells. It is also essential in granuloma formation to contain intracellular pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Dysregulation of IFNG activity is implicated in various inflammatory and autoimmune conditions, as well as chronic infections. Its therapeutic potential in immunotherapy and as a biomarker in certain cancers and infectious diseases remains an active focus of study.