Human Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 (CADM1) Protein

Background

CADM1, also known as synaptic cell adhesion molecule (SynCAM1), is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily and plays a pivotal role in cell-cell adhesion, synapse formation, and immune cell interactions. It is widely expressed in the nervous system, epithelial tissues, and immune cells, mediating interactions between neurons, epithelial cells, and immune cells. CADM1 is involved in the establishment and maintenance of synaptic connections, particularly in excitatory synapses, and contributes to neuronal network stability and plasticity. It has tumor-suppressive properties, with reduced expression frequently observed in cancers such as lung adenocarcinoma, where it is associated with increased invasiveness and metastasis. CADM1 interacts with scaffolding proteins and cytoskeletal regulators, facilitating intracellular signaling pathways that regulate cell polarity, migration, and proliferation. Structural studies have identified its extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains as critical for homophilic and heterophilic interactions, enabling diverse adhesive functions. CADM1 also plays a role in the immune system by modulating mast cell adhesion and interaction with nerve fibers. Dysregulation of CADM1 has been linked to neurodevelopmental disorders and inflammatory diseases, underscoring its significance in both physiological and pathological processes.