4-Hydroxy-2-hexenal Antibody (ATTO390)

Background

4-Hydroxy-2-hexenal (4-HHE) is a highly reactive lipid peroxidation product derived from the oxidation of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). It is a reactive aldehyde that can modify proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids through covalent binding, leading to cellular damage or signaling modulation. 4-HHE plays a dual role in biological systems: at low concentrations, it acts as a signaling molecule regulating cellular responses like antioxidant defense and apoptosis, while at high levels, it induces cytotoxicity and contributes to oxidative stress. Elevated 4-HHE levels are associated with pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disorders, and inflammation. Its formation is a marker of oxidative stress and can disrupt cellular homeostasis by altering protein function and membrane integrity. Studies continue to explore its role in modulating redox signaling and as a potential biomarker for lipid peroxidation-related damage.