Human Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 (TGF-B1) Protein

Background

TGFB1 is a multifunctional cytokine that belongs to the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) family, which regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and immune responses. TGFB1 is secreted as a latent complex that is activated in response to tissue injury, hypoxia, or cellular stress, enabling it to bind to its receptors and initiate downstream SMAD-dependent and non-SMAD signaling pathways. TGFB1 is a critical regulator of tissue homeostasis, embryonic development, and immune tolerance, where it suppresses inflammatory responses and promotes regulatory T cell (Treg) differentiation. In wound healing, TGFB1 induces extracellular matrix production and fibroblast activation, facilitating tissue repair and fibrosis. However, dysregulated TGFB1 signaling contributes to cancer progression by promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), immune evasion, and metastasis. It also drives fibrosis in chronic diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis and liver cirrhosis. Knockout studies reveal severe developmental defects, immune dysregulation, and impaired tissue repair, underscoring TGFB1's essential roles in cellular communication, immune modulation, and tissue remodeling.