Human Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Protein

Background

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) is a versatile cytokine involvedl in numerous physiological and pathological processes. It holds a critical role in modulating immune responses, inflammation, and apoptosis. While predominantly produced by activated macrophages, TNF can also originate from various cell types like lymphocytes, mast cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. Two well-known forms of TNF are TNF-alpha and TNF-beta, also referred to as lymphotoxin-alpha. TNF-alpha, being extensively studied, exists in both soluble and membrane-bound forms, both capable of initiating biological responses by binding to their respective receptors. TNF signaling operates through two receptors: TNFR1 and TNFR2. TNFR1 is ubiquitously expressed across cell types, whereas TNFR2 is primarily found in endothelial, epithelial, and certain immune cells. TNFR1 signaling typically triggers pro-inflammatory and apoptotic responses, while TNFR2 signaling exhibits anti-inflammatory properties and fosters cell proliferation. In autoimmune disease treatment, suppressing TNFR1 signaling has proved significant, whereas TNFR2 signaling supports wound healing.The primary function of TNF lies in regulating immune cells