Human T-Cell Surface Glycoprotein CD1a (CD1A) Protein

Background

CD1a Molecule (CD1A) is a member of the CD1 family of glycoproteins involved in presenting lipid and glycolipid antigens to T cells. Expressed predominantly on the surface of dendritic cells, Langerhans cells, and thymocytes, CD1A plays a vital role in the immune system by bridging innate and adaptive immunity. Structurally, CD1A is similar to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules but specializes in binding lipids and presenting them to a unique subset of T cells, particularly natural killer T (NKT) cells. This interaction is critical for initiating immune responses against certain pathogens, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and fungi, that contain unique lipid antigens. CD1A's role extends to the regulation of skin immunity, given its high expression in Langerhans cells within the epidermis. Dysregulation or altered expression of CD1A has been implicated in autoimmune disorders, certain cancers, and inflammatory skin diseases, such as psoriasis. It is also a marker used in histopathology to identify Langerhans cell histiocytosis and other immune-related conditions, highlighting its clinical and diagnostic importance.