Human Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EPCAM) Protein

Background

Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EPCAM) , also known as CD326 or TACSTD1 (tumor-associated calcium signal transducer 1), is a transmembrane glycoprotein prominently expressed on the surface of epithelial cells in various tissues. EpCAM plays a dual role in cellular adhesion and signaling, as well as in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation. Originally identified as a marker on cancer cells, EpCAM is also a vital component in normal epithelial physiology, where it participates in maintaining cell-cell adhesion and the structural integrity of epithelial layers. EpCAM has become a major focus in cancer research due to its high expression in numerous epithelial tumors, including colorectal, breast, lung, and ovarian cancers. It is frequently upregulated in cancer, where it contributes to cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, as well as tumor growth and metastasis. Its presence on circulating tumor cells has made EpCAM a promising biomarker for early cancer detection and prognosis. Beyond its role in oncogenesis, EpCAM is involved in regenerative processes in epithelial tissues, influencing stem cell behavior and tissue repair.