Human Apolipoprotein A (APOA) Protein

Background

APOA1 is the primary protein component of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), often referred to as "good cholesterol," where it plays a crucial role in reverse cholesterol transport. APOA1 facilitates the removal of cholesterol from peripheral tissues and delivers it to the liver for excretion via bile, thus protecting against atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. APOA1 is also an activator of lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), an enzyme critical for HDL maturation and cholesterol esterification. Mutations in the APOA1 gene can result in familial HDL deficiency or amyloidosis, leading to cardiovascular dysfunction and systemic deposits of amyloid fibrils. As a key modulator of lipid metabolism, APOA1 is a major therapeutic target for managing dyslipidemia and reducing cardiovascular risk.