Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)

Background

GIP, also called glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, is a 42-amino acid hormone secreted by K-cells in the duodenum and jejunum in response to nutrient ingestion, particularly glucose, fats, and amino acids GIP acts as a critical incretin hormone that enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells by activating cAMP-dependent pathways and protein kinase A signaling GIP also regulates lipid metabolism by stimulating lipoprotein lipase activity in adipose tissue, promoting triglyceride uptake and energy storage GIP further supports bone homeostasis by enhancing osteoblast function, contributing to bone formation and mineralization Dysregulation of GIP levels and signaling is associated with insulin resistance, obesity, and type 2 diabetes where its insulinotropic effects are impaired despite elevated circulating levels GIP-based therapies, including dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists, have shown therapeutic potential in improving glycemic control and promoting weight loss in metabolic disorders