Cow Interferon Beta (IFNB) Protein

Background

Interferon Beta 1 (IFNB1) is a type I interferon with a critical role in antiviral defense and immunoregulation. Produced predominantly by fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and macrophages, IFNB1 is rapidly secreted in response to viral infections and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) recognized by pattern recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Upon secretion, IFNB1 binds to the interferon alpha/beta receptor (IFNAR), triggering the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. This leads to the transcription of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), which orchestrate antiviral responses, including the inhibition of viral replication, degradation of viral RNA, and promotion of apoptosis in infected cells. IFNB1 also enhances antigen presentation by upregulating major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules and bolsters the activation and proliferation of natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Clinically, recombinant forms of IFNB1 are widely used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS), where they modulate the inflammatory response and reduce disease progression. Its role in other autoimmune and infectious diseases continues to be an area of active research.