CD101 molecule | Elisa - Clia - Antibody - Protein

Background

CD101, also known as IGSF2 (Immunoglobulin Superfamily Member 2), is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily. It is primarily expressed on a variety of immune cells, including T cells, dendritic cells, monocytes, and granulocytes. The gene encoding CD101 is located on chromosome 1. This molecule has been implicated in various immune regulatory functions and is believed to play a role in maintaining immune homeostasis and modulating immune responses.

Protein Structure

CD101 is a complex molecule composed of several distinct domains:

• Extracellular Domain: The extracellular portion of CD101 is characterized by multiple immunoglobulin-like domains. These domains are essential for its interactions with other proteins and cells in the immune system.
• Transmembrane Domain: This hydrophobic segment spans the cell membrane, anchoring CD101 to the cell surface.
• Cytoplasmic Domain: The intracellular tail of CD101 contains various motifs necessary for signal transduction and intracellular signaling pathways. This domain is crucial for transmitting activation or inhibitory signals inside the cell upon ligand binding.

Classification and Subtypes

CD101 is classified under the immunoglobulin superfamily due to its structure and sequence homology. Within this superfamily, it is categorized as a member of the Ig-like V-set domain containing proteins. There are no distinct subtypes of CD101 identified to date, but its expression pattern and function may vary depending on the cell type and the physiological or pathological context.

Function and Biological Significance

Immune Regulation:

• CD101 is involved in the regulation of immune responses. It modulates T cell activation and proliferation, helping to maintain immune homeostasis and preventing excessive immune reactions that could lead to autoimmunity.

Dendritic Cell Function:

• On dendritic cells, CD101 plays a role in antigen presentation and the initiation of immune responses. It influences the ability of dendritic cells to activate T cells and thus is critical in shaping the adaptive immune response.

Monocyte and Granulocyte Activity:

• CD101 is expressed on monocytes and granulocytes, where it modulates their activity and cytokine production. This regulation is vital for the appropriate response to infections and inflammatory stimuli.

Regulatory T Cells:

• CD101 is highly expressed on regulatory T cells (Tregs), where it is involved in their suppressive function. This expression is crucial for maintaining peripheral tolerance and preventing autoimmune diseases.

Clinical Issues

Autoimmune Diseases:

• Dysregulation or altered expression of CD101 has been associated with various autoimmune diseases. For instance, reduced expression of CD101 on Tregs has been linked to impaired suppressive function and increased susceptibility to autoimmune conditions such as type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis.

Cancer:

• CD101 expression has been studied in the context of cancer. Its role in modulating immune responses can influence tumor immunity. In some cancers, altered CD101 expression on immune cells within the tumor microenvironment can impact the effectiveness of anti-tumor immune responses.

Infectious Diseases:

• In the context of infectious diseases, CD101 plays a role in the immune response to pathogens. Modulating CD101 expression or function can influence the ability of the immune system to control infections and manage inflammation.

Transplantation:

• CD101 is also of interest in transplantation biology. Its role in immune regulation and tolerance makes it a potential target for strategies aimed at preventing graft rejection and promoting transplant acceptance.

Summary

CD101 is an important immunomodulatory molecule with diverse roles in the immune system. Its structure, characterized by immunoglobulin-like domains, enables it to interact with various proteins and cells, modulating immune responses. CD101 is involved in regulating T cell activation, dendritic cell function, and the activity of monocytes and granulocytes. Its expression on regulatory T cells is crucial for maintaining immune tolerance.

Clinically, CD101 has been implicated in autoimmune diseases, cancer, infectious diseases, and transplantation. Altered expression or function of CD101 can impact immune regulation and contribute to disease pathogenesis. As a result, CD101 is a potential target for therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating immune responses in various clinical settings. Understanding the precise mechanisms of CD101 in immune regulation continues to be a critical area of research, offering insights into its potential as a therapeutic target.